Defining Good Advice :: Definition Essays

Defining Good AdviceMany times, good advice will happen if a person has gone astray, then, suggestions would be make to the lost and he could either take it or leave it. Also, as Doug mentioned in discussion, is that it may be impossible to deny information given to you. So, in this case, the advisee knows what has been said to them, and he may not take the advice at the time, barely store it for later.(Nate Hall), and because of this, good, or questioning advice, in my opinion, is also in the kernel of the beholder. Advice may only be used if it hasnt been h stiletto heeld before. For example, if someone is doing something wrong, and someone keeps telling them over and over, it may just go in one ear and out the other. This is why the advisor must find a way to leave the suggestions up the person weather they want to use it or not and they have to be ready for the information given to them.(Mike)Being the advisor takes a lot of patience and confidence. You must be able to tell tr uthfully to someone, something that they may not want to hear. When my friend came to me asking why her boyfriend wasnt acting the same towards her, I had to be honest and sincere to tell her the bad news. Tone of voice may also play a role in this factor. If someone says something to me in a rude tone or alike I am in 5th grade, I may not take them seriously, or may even get mad. In basketball, someone cogency catch me doing something wrong and would like to point it out to me. If they yell at me I get frustrated and on the other hand, if they talk down on me, that makes me furious. Advice works best when the advisor should puts themselves in the other persons shoes. Sincerity is a must to make a good connection.Advice can be spoken, written, or depicted by body language. Putting your finger up to your lips may make someone quiet for awhile, but saying, Shut up. Would make more of an effect on them. As far as good advice in writing, I believe that many people are capable of sayi ng many things while writing, but not always is the right idea portrayed. Sharing advice in notes, or e-mails, isnt the same as hearing it person.

An Inspector Calls - Priestleys Presentation of the Inspector Essay

An inspector Calls - How does Priestleys presentation of the Inspector create dramatic tightness in the play?An Inspector CallsQuestion TitleHow does Priestleys presentation of the Inspector create dramatictension in the play?During the play An Inspector Calls the Inspector is used as adramatic device. He raises and decreases the tension overdue to hisattitude, actions, speeches and his symbolic role to the family, andaudience at the time when the play was first performed. Throughout myessay I will be examining how Priestleys presentation of theInspector generates tension throughout the play.Before the Inspector is introduced into the play, the cash machine inthe Birlings house is quite relaxed. They are celebrating Sheila andGeralds engagement, so there is a party atmosphere and dull lighting.The story directions describe the situation as At the moment theyhave all had a good dinner, are celebrating a special occasion, andare pleased with themselves. The Inspectors stretch dis rupts thefamilys celebration this automatically raises the tension, becausethe family would be annoyed by the abrupt interruption of theircelebration.When the Inspector first rings the doorbell, Birling is just finishingone of his autocratic speeches. He has just said a populace has to mind hisown business and look after himself and his own. This is significantin relationship to the play because Birlings pilot light views areexactly what Priestley, through the Inspector, is trying to teach theaudience not to think like. Birling is the kind of person whoPriestley is trying to get through to.The atmosphere is also made uneasy because no one knows definitely whythe Inspector has called bu... ...r classes and theway that the Inspector brought these ideas crashing down. In the 1954film version of the play the man who plays the Inspector is a palefaced man with dark dramatic eyes. This makes the Inspector lookghostly enforcing some peoples theories of him being a ghost.Because the Ins pectors true indistinguishability is not revealed the tension inthe play is increased. This is because the audience dont knowanything about the Inspector, so do not trust the inspector andthere-fore would be put on edge by him.Priestley has presented the Inspector in a very mysterious way, we donot know where he comes from or anything about him, but it is shortlymade clear why he is in the play to teach an important lesson. Theaudience is left thinking about the play and all the issues raised init. This play definitely left me thinking about my role among society.

Base Details :: essays research papers

BASE DETAILS - ESSAY     In the meter, "Base Details", SiegFried Sasin short expresses his great disgust towards the big league in the military. He is horrified and appalled at the way the majors act objet dart custody be dying out in the date field. Mr. Sassoon is so furious towards the majors that it takes more than just one countersignature to describe how indignified Sassoon is. These great feelings of anger are derived from the fact that the majors are animate a life of luxury while sending young men "up the line" out into the strife field. This is all suggested in the title of the poem with the word "base" suggesting a military base, and/or a base person. And the word "details" suggesting a command, an assignment, and something or someone lowly. "Base Details" is a poem which expresses the feelings of the author towards military majors using differentiable types of imagery.     The poem beg ins by Sassoon describing the majors as demanding, mean, and belligerent men. Bald, out-of-shape and full of gluttony. Sassoon categorizes the majors under the word scarlet signifying childless, bright redness from excessive drinking and yelling of anger. Sassoon presents to us the fact of the majors sending up the young men as soon as they are drafted "up the line to death." This attitude taken from the majors is what angers Sassoon to the point of hatred.           To convince the reader of such horrific truth, Sassoon describes how disrespectful the majors are with their "puffy petulant faces" from eating and drinking excessively. Sassoon states how the majors are stuffing their faces and "Reading the Roll of Honor" in safe luxurious hotels while men are dying out on the field. For this, Sassoon feels so contemptuous towards the majors for they are demanding but hypocritical. They give out strict orders and boss sold iers around while they sit down and be tyrannical. They are just so barbaric and arrogant and show so much disrespect for those who have died in battle that it is not only ridicules to Sassoon but probably for the reader as well.      It is just so unbelievable how these majors can sit scarlet and short of jot belittling and not recognizing the heroic actions of the men in the battle field by referring to them as "poor young chaps." When in comfort smoking their cigars, they practice words which are definitely not suitable for the conditions.

Media Ownership :: essays papers

Media OwnershipOwnership of the media by a small handful of companies has created several problems for democracy since its existence. Because the media has been such a major source of information for us Americans we must learn to be skeptical of these large corporations and their motives. Commercialism and the lack of diversity of the media argon two such problems that have been created due to these large corporations.The main source of money for any media outlet, whether it is CNN or the local newspaper, is from advertisers, not the audiences like you would expect. In a survey of 118 news directors around the country, more than half, 53 percent, reported that advertisers pressure them to kill negative stories or run positive ones. News directors have in any case reported that outside TV consultants have been brought in to stations to critique their newscasts and improve ratings by often issuing blanket edicts about what should and should not be c overed in doer to attract the most advertising dollars. (Just, 1) This fact now being known makes us aware that the media is often s ported from criticism of the products or mistakes of the corporations that give them this money. Important defects or corporate issues that we need to know about have possibly gone unannounced due to the fear of losing sponsors and profit. The only way to guarantee diversity of opinion in the media is to have diverse ownership over it. The airwaves are a limited resource with a few convey still remaining. The Federal Communications Act says that the airwaves belong to the public, which has somehow has gone ignored over the years. Having been exposed to a less diverse range of ideas over the past few decades has left us assuming that what we see and hear in the media is all that there is out there. This is obviously no way to retain an active marketplace of diverse ideas and opinions. This is defiantly no way to keep a true democracy. (Bagdikian, 2-3)As you can see the corporate owners hip of the media has induce a problem to our existing democracy. Not only has the media become extremely commercialized it has also taken away the diversity that we need to make an sightly judgment about something of importance to us.

Stress in College: What Causes it and How to Combat it Essay -- Main C

Many early year college students face chores as they enter a newfangled educational environment that is very different than that of high school. However, the common problem is that many an(prenominal) first year students become stressed. For many students, college is supposed to be the most fun time of their life however, their fun can be restricted if it is limited by stress and other mental illnesses. According to the issue wellness Ministries (2006), stress is caused by greater academic demands, the feeling of being independent from family, financial responsibility, homesickness, being exposed to meeting new people, peer pressure, awareness of unrivalleds own sexual identity, and the abuse of drugs and alcohol (p. 2). However, the causes to first year students stress mainly include academic demand, parents, finance, and peer pressure.Stress is an important problem faced by many college students, especially first year students, and it can have some large impact s on college freshmen. For example, according to Hirsch and Keniston (1970), about half of first year students do not graduate from college due to dropping out (p. 1-20). Also, David Leonhardt (2009) agrees that the United States excels at putting teenagers in college, but only half of students who cypher end up with a bachelors degree (p. 1). In addition, the level of stress seems to increase each year. For instance, the National Health Ministries (2006) claim that many college students have become more overwhelmed and stressed than the student generation of the last fifteen years (p. 2). Also, the percentage of first year students feeling stressed is greater than thirty percent (National Health Ministries 2006). If the problem of stress is not resolved properly, th... ...-fundingLederman, Doug (2005). Pressure on College Prices. Inside Higher Ed. http//www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/04/20/accessLehigh University. Challenges in College. http//www.lehigh.edu/incso/challenges.sht mlLeonhardt, David (2009). Colleges Are Failing in Graduation Rates. New York Times, p. 1. http//www.nytimes.com/2009/09/09/business/economy/09leonhardt.html?_r=1Lipman, Marc. Personal Interview. March 21, 2010.Marano, Hara E (2004). The Pressure from Parents. Psychology Today. Reviewed on January 24, 2007. http//www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200405/the-pressure-parentsNational Health Ministries (2006). Stress & The College Student. The University of Illinois at Chicago. http//www.uic.edu/depts/wellctr/docs/Stress%20and%20the%20College%20Student.pdfZinsser, William. College Pressures. Norton-Simon Publishing, 1978.

Stress in College: What Causes it and How to Combat it Essay -- Main C

Many first year college students face problems as they enter a new educational environment that is very different than that of high school. However, the common problem is that many first year students become express. For many students, college is supposed to be the most fun time of their life however, their fun can be restricted if it is limited by stress and other mental illnesses. According to the interior(a) Health Ministries (2006), stress is caused by greater academic demands, the feeling of being independent from family, financial responsibility, homesickness, being exposed to meeting new people, peer pressure, sentience of ones own sexual identity, and the abuse of drugs and alcohol (p. 2). However, the causes to first year students stress mainly include academic demand, parents, finance, and peer pressure.Stress is an chief(prenominal) problem faced by many college students, especially first year students, and it can have some large impacts on college fresh men. For example, according to Hirsch and Keniston (1970), about fractional of first year students do not graduate from college due to dropping out (p. 1-20). Also, David Leonhardt (2009) agrees that the United States excels at putting teenagers in college, but only half(prenominal) of students who enroll end up with a bachelors degree (p. 1). In addition, the level of stress seems to increase each year. For instance, the National Health Ministries (2006) hire that many college students have become more overwhelmed and stressed than the student generation of the last fifteen years (p. 2). Also, the percentage of first year students feeling stressed is greater than thirty percent (National Health Ministries 2006). If the problem of stress is not resolved properly, th... ...-fundingLederman, Doug (2005). Pressure on College Prices. Inside Higher Ed. http//www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/04/20/ irritateLehigh University. Challenges in College. http//www.lehigh.edu/incso/challenges .shtmlLeonhardt, David (2009). Colleges Are Failing in Graduation Rates. New York Times, p. 1. http//www.nytimes.com/2009/09/09/business/economy/09leonhardt.html?_r=1Lipman, Marc. Personal Interview. March 21, 2010.Marano, Hara E (2004). The Pressure from Parents. Psychology Today. Reviewed on January 24, 2007. http//www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200405/the-pressure-parentsNational Health Ministries (2006). Stress & The College Student. The University of Illinois at Chicago. http//www.uic.edu/depts/wellctr/docs/Stress%20and%20the%20College%20Student.pdfZinsser, William. College Pressures. Norton-Simon Publishing, 1978.

All Good Things Must Come to an End Essay

The amazing thing intimately literature is that it can be interrupted differently by each person who reads it. Which intend that while one military man of composition is amazing, creative, and witty to one person to a nonher person it could be the most boring, uninteresting, and redundant piece of literature they declare ever read. In this semester of Literature 221, I was given the opportunity to read works from many different genres, time periods, and styles of writing. Some of which, like Emily Dickinsons vitality I and Life XLIII, Joyce Carol Oates Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?, and Sherman Alexies What You Pawn I Will hand over I thoroughly enjoyed and learned from. While others such(prenominal) as Ernest Hemingways Big Two-Hearted River, Mark Twains excerpt When The Buffalo Climbed a Tree from Roughing It, and the excerpt from Sula by Toni Morrison werent merely my cup of tea.Emily Dickinson is a unparalleled poet who often writes from a very emotional and self-examining perspective. This is why I factually enjoyed the two selections of her work we had to read this semester. In her first poem Life I, the very first two lines make you stop and think, IM nobody Who are you? Are you nobody, too? (Dickinson 2) Bam I was hit in the face with self-reflection. Am I somebody? Or am I a nobody? Emily Dickinson continues by saying how dreary to be somebody (Dickinson2 ) as if to be somebody is a bad thing. I love that Emily Dickinson questions the ideology of having to be surrounded by people and having to constantly be in a spot idle. Every move that you make is questioned and examined by people.Instead of being able to merry for yourself and for your own happiness you are forced to live by the way society sees you. It made me see that maybe it truly is better to be a happy, content nobody. In her poem Life XLIII, Dickinson once again made me pause and self-reflect but this time on the beauty of the human mind and its capabilities. In this poem she states that the brain is wider than thesky, deeper than the sea, and is upright the weight of God (Dickinson 3). The sky, the sea, and God. Three powerful, endless, and even omnipotent to the human eye and yet the brain is more than that because it has the capability to imagine all of it. You can resist images of God, the sea, and God all in your mind. Dickson wrote these poems with such beautiful imagery that really does make a lector stop and think. This is why her works are among my best-loved reads from this semester.Joyce Carol Oates brought a real life serial killer to life in her tale Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Based off the actual murders of Charles Howard Schmid Jr., Oates tells the chronicle of Arnold Friend and a infantile girl named Connie and the events that would eventually lead up to Connies murder. I loved this tale because Oates gave a real voice to the real life victims of Schmid. While an article by the Daily News stated that, Despite his creepiness, ladies loved Smitty (citation here news article) in Oates tale it was made pellucid that Connie wanted nothing to do with Friend and instead she tried to call the cops and even told him to Get the hell out of here (Oates 340) When I read a tragic news article I will sprightliness sorrow for the victim and their families for a moment and then go on with my life and stuff about them.Yet when I read a piece of work that captures my soulfulness and really moves me to feel emotionally about a timbre as if they were a real person, I can recall them for years afterwards. Oates made me feel for Connie because she gave her a background of a beautiful girl with a produce who disapproved of all she did and constantly compared her to her more homely sister, June. Why dont you keep your room clean like your sister? Howve you got your hair ?xedwhat the hell stinks? haircloth spray? You dont see your sister using that junk. (Oates 333) A girl that may have been desperate fo r love and attention. Suddenly, in my mind, Oates has not plainly weaved a haunting tale of young, naive girl who made mistakes and talked to the wrong stranger on the wrong day but she also made me feel for the real life victims of Schmid. Suddenly they became more than just names on a page and their names, Alleen Rowe, Gretchen and Wendy Fritz, will forever be in my mind and likely countless others who have read her work and know who it was based on. While Oates is a talented writer and her words were beautifully written the reason her piece stands out as one of myfavorites of this semester were for the deeper meaning and the legacy she left for the victims of a cruel, sick, twisted man.A reader cannot help but root for a character who has redeemable qualities despite whatever odd, crude, or socially unacceptable behavior they may exhibit. Such is the case in my final favorite piece of writing from this semester, Sherman Alexies What You Pawn I Will Redeem. In this tale of a ho meless, alcoholic, money floundering Spokane, Washington Native American Indian named Jackson Jackson, a reader cannot help but fall in love with his spirit of never-ending generosity and unbreakable ties with tradition and family. Alexies particular style of writing gave light to Jacksons seemingly uncaring, lazy, and unapologetically unmotivated he attitude in a way that a reader cannot help but find just a little bit comical. It is written in first person from the rambling mind of Jackson and lines such as Piece by piece, I disappeared. And Ive been disappearing ever since. But Im not going to tell you any more about my brain or my soul (citation here page 401) made me laugh out lou01d at the standoffish behavior of this character. Jackson was unable to maintain a job, any of his marriages, or his relationships with his children. In fact, the only thing he did seem capable of maintaining was a constant drunken stupor throughout the entire tale.Yet when he came upon his Grandmothe rs stolen regalia at a local pawn shop he was determined to find a way to raise the $999 needed to rebuy this long alienated family heirloom and return it to its rightful place. Each time he managed to earn or was gifted money for his mission he could not help but straightway spend it. However he was never selfish with his spending. He made sure that whatever he was given he shared with his fellow Indian. neer even coming close to making the necessary money to buy it make but still I found myself cheering him on. Because of his generosity, I was root for him to find a way to purchase back that precious connection to his family. And in the end, despite never actually managing to acquire the necessary cash, the pawn proprietor returned the regalia to Jackson, and I inwardly rejoicing in his success. And Alexie captured the moral for me in this thought, Do you know how many good men live in this cosmea? Too many to count (Alexie 415) Alexie challenged the stereotypes of a good pers on because he showed that even a drunken person who is unsuccessful in every social standard can be a good person because he is a kind, generous soul. This is the reason why this is another of my favorites from this semesters exercises.When thinking of a literary legend a name like Ernest Hemingway often comes to mind, yet in this semesters reading of Big Two-Hearted River, Mr. Hemingway missed the mark for me. While I appreciate the concept of a post-war soldier suffering from PTSD, I had a grueling time really getting into this piece. Hemingways commonly used crisphead lettuce principle style of writing was apparent in this piece with its boilersuit lack of a genuine plot and its seemingly never-ending descriptions of just about everything. It is just not a style that appealed to me as a reader. I found it boring and extremely long. The symbolism was often obscured by the unnecessary descriptions of the border scenery. On the left, where the meadow ended and the woods began, a great elm tree was uprooted. Gone over in a storm, it lay back into the woods, its grow clotted with dirt, grass growing in them, rising a solid entrust beside the stream. The river cut to the edge of the uprooted tree. (Hemingway 262) It just seemed excessive and unneeded to me.While this is unquestionably one of my least favorite of this semesters readings, I have to say that Hemingway was a beautiful wordsmith who could make you feel as though you were part of the story. In this sentence, He sat on the logs, smoking, drying in the sun, the sun warm on his back, the river shallow ahead entering the woods, curving into the woods, shallows, light glittering, big water-smooth rocks, cedars along the bank and white birches, the logs warm in the sun, smooth to sit on, without bark, gray to the touch slowly the feeling of disappointment left him (Hemingway 262) you can practically feel the fondness of the sun on your back and the relief that Nick feels as if a burden was lifted fr om your own chest. This story had some beautiful imagery overall though it was just not a tale I enjoyed reading.Mark Twain is an inspirational writer with amazing talent and has written some remarkable classics. However, the excerpt from Roughing It When the Buffalo Climbed a Tree, will not be joining my list of his beloved masterpieces. Instead I found this fictional account verbose to read and found myself drifting off to sleep while at the same time trying tounderstand the particular vernacular used in this piece. The narrator of the majority of this tale was a character named Bemis whose style of speech was rambling and over-the-top. For example, Well, I was first out on his neck the horses, not the bullsand then underneath, and next on his rump, and sometimes head up, and sometimes heelsbut I tell you it seemed solemn and awful to be ripping and tearing and carrying on so in the presence of death, as you might say. (Twain 16)I can just imagine Bemis being this rambling, fool telling this lightheaded story with no ending in sight. It was just exhausting and mindless drivel that did not succeed in making me think about anything substantial or self-reflect which are qualities I rather enjoy when reading. I understand that according to Mark Twain, to string incongruities and absurdities together in a wandering and sometimes purposeless way, and seem innocently unaware that they absurdities, is the basis of American art (Twain 13) and he accomplished that task beautifully. Nevertheless, it is just not a style that appealed to me and I struggled to enjoy reading this story.This semester was my first time reading any of Toni Morrisons works. The excerpt from Sula was all of over the map for me. I had a hard time deciphering any real plot. It started off with two 12 years old girls walking through town and getting objectified by the men in the town. And if it wasnt bad enough that two young girls were being gawked at by grown men, the girls actually seemed to enjoy it. So, when he said pig affectionateness as Nel and Sula passed, they guarded their eyes lest someone see their delight. (Morrison 346) That line made my skin crawl with utter disgust. Then suddenly the girls are acting near a lake when a young boy named Chicken Little ends up drowning before their very eyes and their only reaction was Nel spoke ?rst. somebody saw. (Morrison 351) I had a hard time reading a story about such loss of innocence at such a young age. Morrisons writing was beautiful and captivating. The only reason this makes my least favorites list from this semester was I just genuinely matte sick the entire I was reading it. Completely horrified by these young girls lives and saddened by the fact that many girls lives of this time period were like this.This semester of Literature 221 was full of amazing pieces of writing. Talesthat completely delighted, inspired, and captured my tenderness like those from Emily Dickinson, Joyce Carol Oates, and Sherman Alex ie. As well as others who, for me, just did none of those things such as those from Ernest Hemingway, Mark Twain, and Toni Morrison. Overall I really enjoyed this class. I felt as though most of the forums gave me the opportunity to share my thoughts on each piece as well as opened my eyes to different perspectives. If I could give any constructive criticism it would be that sometimes I felt as if I could not quite meet expectations in the act requirements because I felt as though they were not clearly stated. Other than that, I thoroughly enjoyed this class and I feel as though I learned a lot. It definitely has made me look forward to taking other literature classes in the future.Works CitedAlexie, Sherman. What You Pawn I Will Redeem American Literature Since the Civil War. Create edition. McGraw-Hill, 2011. 401-415. e-Book. Works Cited Dickinson, Emily. Life I & XLIII American Literature Since the Civil War. Create edition. McGraw-Hill, 2011. 2-3. e-Book. Hemingway, Ernest. Big Two Hearted River. American Literature Since the Civil War. Create edition. McGraw-Hill, 2011. 253-264. E-book. Morrison, Toni. From Sula. American Literature Since the Civil War. Create edition. McGraw-Hill, 2011. 346-354. e-Book. Oates, Joyce Carol. Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? American Literature Since the Civil War. Create edition. McGraw-Hill, 2011. 333-344. e-Book. Twain, Mark. From Roughing It. When The Buffalo Climbed a Tree. American Literature Since the Civil War. Create edition. McGraw-Hill, 2011. 16-18. e-Book. Twain, Mark. How To Tell a Story American Literature Since the Civil War. Create edition. McGraw-Hill, 2011. 12-15. e-Book.

The Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Procedure Health And Social Care Essay

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ERCP ) is a exhibit use of goods and servicesd to reboot bilious homo of land and pancreatic pathologic conditions. ERCP is a utile diagnostic method when the bilious communication channels are non dilated and when no obstructor exists at the ampulla. ERCP is performed by go throughing a fiberoptic endoscope through the oral caries into the duodenum under fluoroscopic control. To ease transition of the endoscope, the diligent & A acirc s pharynx is sprayed with a local anaesthetic anaesthetic. Because this causes impermanent pharyngeal paresis, nutrient and drink are norm solelyy prohibited for at least 1 hr after the scrutiny. Food possibly withheld for up to 10 hours after the process to minimise annoyance to the tummy and little intestine. After the endoscopes locate the hepatopancreatic ampulla ( ampulla of Vater ) a little cannula is passed through the endoscope and directed into the ampulla. Once the cannula aright pla ced, the verbalise medium is injected into the common gall canalise. The patient so may be moved, fluoroscopy performed and topographic point skiagraph taken. Oblique topographic point radiogram may be taken to forestall convergence of common gall canal and the pancreatic canal. Because the injected contrast stuff should run come forward from normal canals indoors about 5 proceedingss, radiogram must be exposed instantly. The contrast medium that is used depends on the penchant of the radiotherapist or gastroenterologist. Dense contrast agents opicify little canals really good, but they may befog little rocks. If little rocks are suspected, usage of a more dilute contrast medium is suggested. A annals of patient sensitiveness to an iodinated contrast medium in another scrutiny. Does non needfully contraindicate its usage for ERCP. However the patient must be watched carefully for a reaction to the contrast medium during ERCP. Ercp is frequently indicated when both clinical a nd radiographic findings indicate abnormalcies in the bilious system or pancreases. OCG, echography scrutiny or IVC is normally performed before ERCP. Ultrasonography of the upper portion of the venters before endoscopy is frequently recommended to guarantee the doctor that no pseudocyts are present. This measure is of effect because contrast medium injected into pseudocycts may take to redness or rupture of the pseudocysts.Another process that is performed more often for scrutiny of the bilious and chief pancreatic canals is endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, or ERCP. This scrutiny is carried out to specify the site and cause of bilious dilition. To look into the diffuse disease ( sclerosing cholangitis ) , pancreatic disease and in any event post-cholecystectomy syndrome.EndoscopyEndoscopy is review of any pit of the organic structure by agencies of an endoscope, an factor that spares light by the internal liner of an organ. Assorted fiber-optic endoscopes are for sale for usage in analyzing the interior liner of the tummy, duodenum and colon. Older type of endoscopes allow for single sing merely through an ocular, but newer picture endoscope undertaking the two-base hit onto video proctors for multiple screening. Besides a officeicular type of fiber-optic endoscope, name duodenuscope, is normally used for an ERCP test. This instrument, when inserted into the duodenum through the oral cavity, gorge and tummy, provides a wide-angle side position that Is utile for turn uping and infixing a catheter or cannula into the little gap of hepatopancreatic sphincter, taking from the duodenum into the common gall canal an the chief pancreatic canal.DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTICThe ERCP can be a diagnostic or a curative process. Therapeutically, ERCP can be performed to alleviate certain diseased conditions through the removal of choleliths or little lesions, or for other intents, such as to mend a stricture ( contracting or obstruction of a canal or can al ) of the hepatopancreatic sphincter or associated ducts*For diagnostic intents, in general, the ERCP process includes the endoscopic interpolation of the catheter or injection cannula into the common gall canal or chief pancreatic canal under fluoroscopic control, followed by retrograde injection ( backward or change by reversal way ) of contrast medium into the bilious canals. The process normally is performed by a gastroenterologist who is assisted by a squad that comprises the engineer, one or more nurses, and possibly a radiotherapistPATHOLOGIC INDICATIONSResidual concretion Rocks may be located in one or more subdivisions of the bilious canals ( see Fig. 22-18 ) during the ERCP, the gastroenterologist may be able to take them with a specialised catheter.Stenosiss A part of the bilious canals may hold been narrowed this warrants farther probe.ContraindicationPrimary contraindications for ERCP include hypersensitivity to iodinated contrast medium, acute infection of the bili ous system, possible pseudocyst of the pancreas, and/or elevated creatinine and/or BUN degrees.PATIENT PREPARATIONBefore tolerant readying for ERCP pull up stakes change based on departmental protocol. The process should be clearly explained to the patient, and a careful clinical history taken. The patient should be placed in a infirmary gown and should be NPO at least 8 hours prior to the process.Make certain you tell the medico if you are pregnant, give way lung or bosom status, defy any allergic to medicine. You to a fault should state the physician if you have unreal bosom valve or you need to take any antibiotic before the surgical process because in the ERCP process, you need to take particular antibiotic for ERCP. If you are diabetic patient, and use insulin you should set the dose of the insulin on the twenty-four hours of the scrutiny. It best for you, to convey your diabetes medication so that, you can take after the process. You should convey a responsible several(p renominal)(prenominal) to attach to you after the process. This is because you should non drive or run machinery at least 8 hours, because the medicine can do sleepiness.DuringBefore the process, patient must have on a infirmary gown and get out be ask to take eyes spectacless and dental plates. The physician will discourse with the patient what will go on during the scrutiny and will explicate any hazard. This is the clip for the patient to inquire if at that place have any inquiry to the physician. This process is conduct by the experience endoscopist for approximately 1 to 2 hours. A local anaesthetic ( pain alleviating medicine ) may be applied to the patient pharynx. The patient will make full relax and drowsy when given pain stand-in and ataractic intravenously in the vena. A mouth piece is placed in the oral cavity. It will non interfere the patient external respiration. The endoscopist will infix endoscope through the oral cavity while the patent lie on the left side duri ng the process. The endoscope will traveling down go through the patient tummy into the duodenum. Contrast stuff is injected easy into the bilious canal and ten beam is taken.AfterAfter complete the process, the patient will remain in the recovery room for approximately 1 to 2 hours for the contemplation of any alterations occur. patient will experience impermanent tenderness in their pharynx. A responsible man-to-man must attach to the patient after the process. It is recommended to that individual to remain with the patient for 24 hours after the process. When the importee is ready, it will be sent to the primary attention or mentioning physician. They will discourse the consequence with you. If the consequence of the process required prompt medical, the necessary agreement will be made. If the patient have severe ab hurting, febrility, thorax hurting, sickness and continues cough inside 72 hours after the process, called the physician or travel to the nearest exigency room.M ajor EquipmentFluoroscopy is required during arrangement of a catheter into the bilious canals and injection of contrast media. Postradiographic images may be taken following the flour process.ACCESSORY EQUIPMENTPanpipes of assorted sizes, syringe arrangers, iodinated, water-soluble contrast media ( perchance a diluted concentration to forestall obscuring of little concretion ) , nauseant footing, baseball mitts, and unfertile curtains are required.PrecautionI. Because the patient s pharynx is anesthetized during the process, the patient should stay NPO for at least 1 hr ( or more ) after the process. This will forestall aspiration of nutrient or liquid into the lungs.2. Review the clinical history of the patient to find whether the patient has pancreatitis or, specifically, a pseudocyst of the pancreas. Injecting contrast media into a pseudocyst may take to tear,3. Ensure that all individuals in the fluoroscopy room wear protective aprons.TechniqueThe throat is anaesthetized with 4 % Lidocaine spray and the patient is given diazepam 5 mg mm-1 i.v. until sedated. The patient so lies on the left side and the endoscope is introduced. The ampulla of Vater is located and the patient is turned prone. A polythene catheter prefilled with contrast medium is inserted into the ampulla, holding ensured that all air bubbles are excluded. A little tally injection of contrast under fluoroscopic control is made to find the place of the cannula. It is of import to avoid over-filling of the pancreas. If it is wanted to opacify both the bilious tree and pancreatic canal, so the latter should be cannulated foremost. A sample of gall should be sent for civilization and sensitiveness if there is grounds of bilious obstructor.ProcedureERCP usage ten beam and is perform in a room with specially equip for ten beam and it is do in the infirmary. The patient must remain overnight if the process involve the remove of bilestones or topographic point a stent during the trial. ERCP is done by a physician that specializer train inendoscopy. Normally a physician who specialist in disease of digestive system or there are called gastroenterologist. A little thin, flexible fiber-optic endoscope is used during this process.First, the patient is place on his tummy or the left side with the patient caput turns to the right. The patient is sedated and a plastic are topographic point in the oral cavity to maintain the oral cavity unfastened during the scrutiny. Then a oral cavity guard is inserted to protect the dentition from the endoscope. The endoscope tip is lubricated and will be guided into the oral cavity while the physician gently presses the lingua out of the manner. The patient is asked to get down to assist to travel the tubing along. Next, the endoscope is gently inserted into the upper gorge. Once the endoscope is in gorge, the patient caput will be slant unsloped to assist the range slide down. During this scrutiny, the patient breath easy with muzzling seld om occurs. A thin tubing is inserted through the endoscope to the chief gall canal until it reaches the point where the canal from the pancreas and gall bladder drain into the duodenum or we called papilla. A little sum of air will be injected through the range for the physician to see easy. Several X ray are taken and the image is diagnosed.EndoscopeEndoscope has a side channel down which assorted tubing or instrument can go through through. There are many utilizations of the endoscope for illustration injects a dye into the gall and besides pancreatic canal. After the injection of dye, x beam image are taken instantly and demo up all the item of the canal. This besides may demo the narrowing of the canal, stuck gall rock, and besides to most present in the canal. Other test are, take a little sample called biopsy from the liner of tummy pancreatic and duodenum. The biopsy sample can be look into for unnatural tissue and cell by utilizing microscope. If the ten beam show gallstone stuck in the canal, the physician will widen the gap of the papilla to allow the rock out into the duodenum. The stuck rock can be grabbed by utilizing basket or allow it to be passed out with the faces. If the X beam shows the obstruction or the narrowing of the gall canal, the physician will set a stent to open it widely. A stent is a little wire or plastic tubing it will let by to run out into duodenum in a normal manner.Hazard or side consequence of ERCPERCP is a trial that does hold some hazards and this trial may do some serious job for illustration redness of the pancreas ( pancreatitis-because the pancreas and bile canal prevarication near to each other and there have a opportunity the pancreas can inflame. ) , shed blooding ( which may happen when the gall canal are enlarge ) , infection of the gall canal ( occur when the remotion of the bilestone ) , unnatural bosom beat, a puncture of tummy, duodenum, pancreatic canal and besides the gorge. After 48 hours of the process, the most common side consequence is abdominal hurting, febrility, trouble in external respiration, blood emesis, and redness of the pancreas, and experiencing dizzy. When this occurs, the patient should seek for a physician. The endoscope itself can do some harm to the bile canal or intestine. This may take to the hemorrhage, infection, and besides perforation. The IV injection will do patient feel sleepy and non able to retrieve what go on during several hours after the trial. Patient have heavy palpebras, trouble in speech production, dry oral cavity and fuzz vision for several hours after the trial. Patient may be acquire and experience nauseated or have mild abdominal spasm when the tubing is moved inside the organic structure. Patient besides will detect a crisp combustion and biting esthesis when the IV is started in the arm. The anaesthetic that are sprayed into the patient pharynx normally druthers acrimonious and do tough and pharynx fell swollen and numb. Some patient can non take a breath due to the tubing in their pharynx.

Response paper to Ian Hodder’s “Ethics and Archaeology” Essay

Ian Hodders article, Ethics and Archaeology The Attempt at Eatalhoyuk, basically discusses in detail the diametrical roles that archaeologists assume during an excavation and in any case their ethical bargain and duty to the different communities on the rank. Hodder claimed that the roles of archaeologists argon not only limited to studying human burnish through unearthing, recovering, documenting, analyzing, and interpreting remains, historical objects, artifacts, and landscapes. In addition, he in addition claimed that they do not also work solely to serve the interest of their benefactors and sponsors.Rather, Hodder stated that archaeologists bear bigger roles and wider responsibilities to the different sectors of the excavation site. In short, aside from the interest of their sponsors and other organizations that fund the digs, Hodder believes that it is also the duty of archaeologists to reach to the multiple communities, interest groups, or stakeholders of any excavatio n site. In his paper, Hodder mainly focused his arguments on the Eatalhoyuk excavation site where is the director of the archeological dig.According to him, the stakeholders of most sites can be narrowed to quaternary the politicians, the local residents, the New Age Goddess followers, and the artists. Hodder noted each of these communities has its witness agenda or interest and it is part of the archaeologists duty to somehow come across them. One of the stakeholders that are common to almost all archaeologic sites is the politicians or those in the seat of power. Generally, based on Hodders paper, all politicians support archaeological digs have their own agenda or interests. These may involve governors, mayors, or government representatives from the surrounding area of the site.Hodder claimed that although a lot of these politicians hail the archaeological site for its richness in history, culture, and identity, among others, their interests mainly lie on a single thing wide spread publicity. While the politicians desire to be seen on boob tube or read on the newspapers is normal, Hodder stressed that it is the archaeologists role to limit the ways in which they use the site for their personal motives. He also stated that archaeologists should also verify every piece of information that a politician gives to the public about the site.For example, in that location are certain politicians who claim to be descendants of the sites residents and speak about his or her origins. In this case, it is the archaeologists responsibility to verify these claims and ensure that they are true. Another community that has its own interests is the local residents. According to Hodder, in general, these residents, who have low incomes and limited education, mainly have practical matter tos such as earning money for helping in the excavation. However, they are also concerned about the history of the sites and how they contributed to their identity.In this regard, Hodder stated in his paper that is archaeologists job to educate them about their cultural history and identity using unfluctuating evidence form on the digs. In turn, these local residents may relate their personal experiences from living in the sites environment to tourists and researchers as these are helpful information. The New Age Goddess groups, on the other hand, mainly go to excavation sites, such as in Eatalhoyuk, to pray and to practice their beliefs which are in honor of their Goddess, which was a highly significant figure in the past.Their main concerns, according to Hodder, would mostly be regarding the history of the Goddess and the role of women in the Eatalhoyuks past. Thus, the archaeologists should stress to address these concerns and provide evidence that would show how women lived in the communities of Eatalhoyuk thousands of years ago. By doing so, Hodder surmised that this would not only serve the Goddess groups interests but also avoid any misinformation regardin g the sites history.Finally, another sector that has shown significsnt interest in Eatalhoyuk is the artists group. Hodder noted that over the past years, more and more artists have arrived at Eatalhoyuk mainly to create plant about the site. However, he claimed that there are also certain artists who help in the interpretation, reconstruction, and visualization of the art objects found in the site. Hodder stated that the main concern of this group is whether the objects unearthed during digs and excavations could be considered art or not.Meaning to say, most of these artists are particularly interested in identifying and describing the works of art recovered from sites. In this regard, the archaeologists involved, according to Hodder, should ensure that these works of art or aesthetic objects are verified to be genuine using past studies and other evidence found on the site. Certain artists also inquire about the role that art played in the history of Eatalhoyuk and it is the arch aeologists duty to satisfy those questions to the better of his or her abilities.In short, what Hodder was trying to point out in his paper was that archeologists should always consider the agenda and interests of all the groups and sectors concerned during an excavation as it reaps great rewards and is also more ethical than serving only personal interests. Personally, I agree with Hodders claims in his paper. His use of historical evidence and real breeding situations make his arguments very convincing. I also think it is unethical for archaeologists to go on digs mainly to become famous or serve their own interests only.Rather than setting one agenda, I believe it is important to work with different communities as exemplified by Hodders work in Eatalhoyuk as there are greater things at stake. Since archaeologists experiences firsthand what its like to be in an excavation site or dig, he or she should use his or her knowledge and skill to verify all the information and answer a ll the questions surrounding an archaeological site. This is not only professional obligation but also an ethical duty.Works CitedHodder, Ian. Ethics and Archaeology The Attempt at Eatalhoyuk. Near Easter Archaeology 65 No. 3 (2002) 174-181.

How Does Shakespeare Use Representations of Speech and Other Dramatic Effects to Introduce Iago’s Character?

Shakespeare portrays Iagos reference book in the play Othello with villainous content by using d packatic effects and particular(prenominal) representations of speech in order to engage the audience to witness this deceitful, dishonest and disturbing man. Iago portrays himself as an innocent and rejected man with the economic consumption of powerful and affectional wording such(prenominal) as despise me and comminate me. The abrupt language used by Iago enables the audience to witness his disgust after Roderigo accuses him of withholding about information from him about his own finances.Iago acts the innocent and threatened character by stating if ever I did dream of such a matter, / Abhor me. The phrase abhor me is a use of hyperbole used by Iago, w here he exaggerates the issue of not being trusted by Roderigo. Here, the audience is able to see how Iago exaggerates things to a great level and it allows them to believe Iago entrust behave in this way for the majority of th e play.Connotations of jealousy are revealed frequently throughout the play, especially within Iagos first speech amongst himself and Roderigo, of how he was dismissed as lieutenant in favour of Michael Cassio, a Florentine-/ A fellow almost damned in a fair wife. Here, Iago claims that Cassio will have a wondering eye and is likely to stray from his job, proving how untrus iirthy he is. He claims Cassio nor the division of a struggle knows/ More than a spinster, unless the bookish theoric. Shakespeares powerful use of imagery and asyndetic listing here, when Iago refers Cassio to a spinster, reveals connotations of him being an inexperienced soldier as frequently as a spinster woman is inexperienced in love. The use of asyndetic listing also infers jealousy as Iago is listing the many reasons wherefore Cassio should not have been promoted. The term bookish theoric, refers Cassio to be an inexperienced and unknowledgeable man on the battlefield, except from the theory he learnt about war in books.Here, the audience can witness Iagos jealousy, which foreshadows the vengeful acts he performs later on upon certain characters within the play. Juxtaposition is also used when Iago describes to Roderigo the many reasons wherefore Cassio should not be lieutenant, as he claims Cassios soldiership is Mere prattle without practice compared with he who is worth no worse a place, claiming he deserves no lower rank than lieutenant and subordinate to Cassio. This, aswell as arraying jealousy, reveals Iagos blunt arrogance towards being cast aside for the promotion. This may enable the reader to both take pity on him and understand his upset of being verlooked, or disagree completely and believe he is too everywhereconfident for his own good. Shakespeare introduces Iago as a master of manipulation in the sense that he dominates the conversation when speaking to Roderigo.This may be because Roderigo is seen as Iagos proper(a) hand man and is easily manipulated into b elieving and sympathising with Iago because of the way Othello treated him. In response to Iagos speech that is full of connotations of jealousy and deceit about the going of the promotion, Roderigo responds by stating by heaven, I rather would have been his hangman. This enables the audience to see how honourable and trusting Roderigo is to Iago as he does not question the latter of how he may be wrong and also does not judge Iagos aggressive nature towards Cassio and his experience in battle. The metaphorical use of the phrase I rather would have been his hangman, is largely ironic as this, again, foreshadows Iagos actions later on within the play upon those who, in particular Othello, deceived him. Aswell as the manipulation Iago empowers over Roderigo, he also has a financial hold upon him.Roderigo uses the simile as if the strings were thine, where he states that Iago has been using his money as if it were his own. In response to Roderigos accusation, Iago replies by saying Sb lood, just you will not hear me. Instead of apologising to Roderigo for abusing his trust in looking after his money, he accuses Roderigo of not listening to him. It is here that Iago begins his long speech revealing his jealousy and he was betrayed, allowing the topic of the theft of the money to be forgotten.Shakespeare allows the audience to witness another vengeful side to Iago where he says the promotion seems to stem from favouritism and academic prowess rather than seniority, in which he believes there is no reason to love the moor. After Roderigo claims he would not follow the Moor, Iago responds by saying he will follow Othello to serve Iagos turn upon him, meaning he will eventually get his own cover charge and will not truly follow him due to the pain and deceit this has caused him. The phrase Were I the Moor, I would not be Iago infers that Iago would not want to be himself if he were the Moor as he is of lower status.Iago would also not be true to himself he were suc ked into the Moors ways, so he would ride out to serve Othello, but will cin one caseal his true feelings. Shakespeare also portrays Iagos bitter behaviour when he declares to Roderigo, in following him, I follow but myself, meaning he will look after his own interests instead of doing what is best by the Moor, which also portrays him as a self-serving character. His self-serving character is proven in the scene two when informing Othello of Roderigo spreading foul reports about the general. He claims Roderigo spoke such scurvy and provoking terms against Othellos honour.Iagos double traffic nature proves he is untrustworthy, deceitful and a anguish stirrer, which is ironic as previously he was speaking of how he was treated unsympathetic and believed Othello was the deceitful person within the issue of the lieutenant promotion. The manipulative power Iago has over Roderigo must be strong if he is unaware of the great rousing Iago is conducting behind his back. Iagos true repre sentation is best portrayed by Shakespeare with the use of degrading, vulgar and taboo language in order to cause trouble when informing Brabantio of Desdemonas deceitfulness in order to take revenge upon Othello.Upon arriving at his house, Iago orders Roderigo to poison Brabantios delight incense her kinsmen Plague him with flies throw such changes of vexation. These dynamic imperatives reveal connotations of rather harsh pain, suffering and destruction, enables the reader to visualise the two men trying to cause much distress, worry and anger to Brabantio onward informing him of his daughters disappearance. Iago can be seen as a very self-centred character as the revenge he wants to be conducted upon Othello, kernel another person, Brabantio, will also be hurt during this vengeful act.It also shows how Iago enjoys causing much chaos and mayhem amongst people to witness their reactions for entertainment, and to possibly show he does not want to be the only character who has been deceived. After Brabantio calls out to the two men, Iago immediately uses his vulgar language to explain who Desdemona is with when stating you have illogical half your soul an old black ram is tupping your white ewe. At first Iago portrays his sorrow towards the senator when saying you have lost half your soul as if he pities him. The vulgar description an old black ram is tupping your white ewe reveals rather degrading and racist imagery.The black ram is in reference to the moor, characterization him to be a dirty, old man who is having relations with a pure and innocent white ewe which is in reference to Desdemona. The audience can see that this use of zoomorphism infers rather negative qualities about the moor before he has even been introduced into the play. The use of zoomorphism occurs often throughout the first act when Iago graphically describes the sexual consanguinity between Desdemona and Othello to her father. Iago states to Brabantio that his daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs. The constant use of animalistic imagery and reference to specific animals, infers that the two characters are having a very sexual relationship and may not be together for love. This phrase is also a use of antithesis as the ram and ewe differ completely, similarly to how Desdemona and Othello differ in race and ethnicity. The degrading language used reveals Iagos total disregard for Brabantios feelings and status in society, proving once again the manipulative nature Iago has and the enjoyment he receives when causing someone else great distress.Shakespeare also uses religious imagery within the play when Iago declares to Brabantio the devil will make a grandsire of you. This imagery can also be seen as racial as the devil was often depicted as black, which proves he is referring Othello to the devil. one time Brabantio finds his daughter is in fact missing from his house, Iago decides this is the time to flee, showing his distrust to Rod erigo by leaving him to fend for himself.He claims it seems not meet, nor wholesome to my place, to be produced against the moor, where he inwardness he cannot be seen by Brabantio as it may threaten his official position if he is brought forward as a witness against the Moor. Iago, and his double dealing ways, tells Roderigo that he must show out a flag and sign of love. The metaphor used by Iago here, conveys to the audience that Iago will support Roderigo from a aloofness but will not support him in person, but he later informs Othello of Roderigos supposed deceitful ways.Shakespeare uses a variety of different language techniques in order to portray Iagos villainous character with such content. Zoomorphism is used frequently when Iago is referring to Othello which shows his racist and vulgar language, especially when describing the sexual relationship between Desdemona and Othello. The audience is able to see how Iago revels in the mayhem and distress he causes amongst charac ters including Brabantio. This shows the cruel and manipulative streak he has.

AIG Current Issues Pertaining to Business Law

AIG (American International Group Inc) has most recently been a public feature on American as well as international headlines following its possibility of going into liquidation as a result of fiscal difficulties. The federal government bailout extended to the company to help it in reviving its activities has also been a topic of discussion.Following all these, issues related to business law build been a common occurrence as AIG fights legal battles and accusations from enraged customers demanding their investment monies. AIG has as a result lost clients, employees and business in general. This paper focuses on these and other current events pertaining to business law at AIG.AnalysisAIG was recently faced with an economic downturn as a result of the current economic crisis. AIG is verbalise to wee-wee made losses worth $62 billion in the fourth quarter of 2008 (Sorkin, 11-14). As a result, it has non been able to pay its mention dues on time.Creditors are constantly knocking o n AIGs doors to obtain their money as they fear that the company could fail to pay them under the current pecuniary difficulties it is experiencing. AIG has resulted in selling its assets in order to meet its obligations to creditors and beginning 2008 it obtained bailout from the government.Following the government bailout, AIG is no longer a wholly private company. The majority shares of AIG are immediately in the hands of the government hence it expects to receive more government control.AIG traded 79.9 percent of its shares for the federal government bailout. The government now possesses the rights to suspend dividends to the previously common and preferred stock.This is an indication that the company has ceased from being a fully private company to a nationalized one. It therefore owes the citizens who are represented by the government to act upon profitably as well as repay the loan advanced by the government from the tax payers money.As a result of the government bailout, AIG has to adjust itself to the governments requirements and laws that have been set for companies obtaining bailout.For example, The House of Representatives passed a requirement that all companies receiving federal government bailout exceeding $5 should pay 90 percent on bonuses given by companies. The companies must also operate with positive net value so that they can be able to pay up the loans advanced. If this is not so, the government leave alone force companies that cannot pay up into liquidation Mich, 23-25).AIG has been under scrutiny following the handsome benefits that were issued to its more than 400 employees in the financial products division ranging between $1 million and 6.4 million. This follows the fact that AIG received $170 billion as federal government bailout which has necessitated investigations on how AIG was spending the taxpayers money.(Turkish Weekly, 22-29). The government owns 79.9 percent of AIG now and as a result the public is the major shareholder of the company and this is what has created a major uproar in the public about AIGs activities. There are claims that the company is not taking its responsibilities towards shareholders in a serious manner.Edward Liddy, AIGs chief executive officer told the congress in March, 2009 that the company had asked the employees to return half of the bonuses received (Sorkin, 19-23). Further, he argued that the condition for the hefty bonuses was an attempt to retain employees in the financial products division.

Are Child Proof Containers Really Child Proof??

Are Childproof containers re ally childproof Not genuinely or you could say that they are (semi) child proofing but I say no To me if 5-10 children push aside et the so called childproof container top off te its not childproof. Their not really childproof if the child can bang it on a hard surface for a while and manage to get the top off. A child can really get the cap off a tab bottle by throwing it or banging it on a hard surface cause Ive watch overn it before i started this research and with one of my test subjects.The containers arent child proof theyre righteous a little tougher for old people to get them open and child resistant. I chose to this project cause I wanted to kip down 1. What were childproof containers invented to prevent? 2. How does childproof containers civilise? 3. Are childproof containers really childproof? 4. Can a boyish child learn to open a childproof container? I went into this project wanting to know the answers to these questions. So I did th is by gathering four childproof containers and cleaning them thoroughly and sanitizing them .I gathered a cough medicine botle, prescription pad of paper bottle, a toilet bowl cleanser bottle, a over the counter pill bottle, a cleaning supplies spray bottle, disposable gloves, test subjects, stop watch, masking tape, a permenant marker, a lab notebook, and graphing paper. With all this I tested a good amount of toddlers around the age 5-6 to see if they could get the childproof tops off the containers. I gave each subject a minute to open each container and if they couldnt get it open I showed them how to open it without any verbal contact and giving them another minute and a flash try to open it.After testing all of the subjects I saw that many struggled trying to open the toilet bowl cleaner bottle and the aspirin container. Children that age, know that a way to get the top off a container is to twist. Many of my subjects didnt get the top off the toilet bowl cleaner nor the asp irin pill bottle. These two containers need a little more than alone a twist. The toilet bowl cleaner needs weight pushed on the top and consequently a twist.On the aspirin the two triangles are needed to be lined up and the kids dont know why the triangles are there so I didnt inquire any to get that top off but a few proved me wrong. So when I saw them open it I was stunned whatever just twisted the top until the triangles luckily lined up and the top was eligible of being open. But test subject 18 opened it with naughtily with no problem In my mind Im like okay who taught you that or are you at home just randomly being allowed to play with pill bottles at home? I really wanted to ask the fella but I said nawl its none of my business.On the other hand some of the kids just used the twisting the top to get the tops off. The pharmacy pill bottle and the cleaning supplies spray bottle is what the kids didnt have a problem acquire off. Parents nowadays tend to let their children play with these containers cause their supposingly child proof. Parents fail to realize that completely some child proof containers are really childproof while the others are selling a lie. Due to these tops posing as a childproof top over 1 million children are accidently poisoned all(prenominal) year.These containers are false and the company should run test to make sure for a fact that they are a childproof top. Parents think the safety cap is dismissal to give 100 percent security. They dont know how easily little kids can get into things like. Every 7 minutes a child is rushed to the unavoidableness room because they are unintentionally poisoned. These containers play not only a role in the company but also in the parent/gaurdian or whomever is around at the time cause if the child isnt being watched then there aint no telling what that child will get into.According to Consumer Product preventive Commission only keep out about 80 percent of the children under the age 5. T he political relation isnt being hard enough when it comes to issues like this. If the government was harder on things like this then companies would change the way the tops on these containers are made. Once the companies change the way the tops are made by making them tougher to open then youll have a lesser percentage of kids accidentally getting poisoned.Everything starts with the government but the company should want to change it if they see that their tops arent as childproof as they think they are. Companies must realize that these things are life threatening and isnt a joke. A recent study showed that children as young as 2 can get into these containers. So what that tell you. Parents also need to realize that these tops are not child proof only child resistant. After doing this project I realize that all these containers posing of what they arent. Not child proof but child resistant.

Loneliness

Language Has created the word solitude to express the annoying of being alone. And it has created the word solitude to express the glory of being alone. Does your ascertain of texts support this perspective? Loneliness and solitude are closely Juxtaposed to orient the over all effect of going it alone. The great Gatsby supports this perspective as it contrasts solitude and loneliness through the protagonist Nick caraway and Jay Gatsby. Beneath the clouds shows the aspects of facing Isolation when uncontrollable and controllable.The great Gatsby highlights the quote through contrasting loneliness and solitude. Solitude Is expressed through the protagonist nick caraway, as he grapples with the meaning of the story In which he played a part In. Caraway Is Isolated In the society of the egg were he lives In a weather-beaten cardboard bungalow at eight a month, compared to the mansions of the westward and eastern egg. A metaphor shows how the great Gatsby supports the quote as Caraw ays lack of wealth creates solitude for himself were he misses the dramas of the rich showing the glory of solitude.Isolation in down the stairs the clouds is both controllable and uncontrollable as seen through the decisions or Vaughn and Lena. Lena and Vaughn both experiencing the aspect of loneliness when there isolation is uncontrollable. Metaphorically the fences in the prison show the Vaughn has no control and his isolation is uncountable. This agrees with the quote as the tree scene shows Vaughn loneliness as he names a tree to be his friend, expressing the unhinge of being alone.When Lenss solitude is uncontrolled in the town with her being by her self and wanting to leave but reverted by the barriers of her age and circumstances. She is lonely and her pain is expressed through the close up shot of a butterfly being eaten by ants, were the ants are a metaphor for her life being vitiated by the town a uncontrollable circumstance of going it alone. Solitude is expressed the glory of being alone in beneath the clouds. This Is shown through Lena and Vaughn as when they chose to leave their circumstances they experience happiness of there Journey along the road.Sir these paragraphs contain basic outlines for my essay I am yet to add essay to jack up these points as Im still finding It. BY reentered shows the aspects of facing isolation when uncontrollable and controllable. Solitude is expressed through the protagonist nick caraway, as he grapples with the meaning of the story in which he played a part in. Caraway is isolated in the society of the egg were he lives in a weather-beaten cardboard bungalow at eight a Solitude is expressed the glory of being alone in beneath the clouds. This is shown arse up these points as IM still finding it.

Rules of evidence

Why are Americas rules of manifest more(prenominal) restrictive than those established by opposite countries? Americas rules of evidence are more restrictive because strange some countries we have Constitutional protections that safeguard Individual rights. An example of this would be the Supreme courts determination that a state rule requiring that a defendant wanting to admit In a criminal nerve must do so before the admission of any other defense testimony Is a violation of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment due process clause.The due process clause protects citizens of the united States from unsportsmanlike and disorderly legal exploits, coupled with the right to be informed of the disposition and charges in accusation against them among other privileges. With this in mind it can be easily concluded as to the necessity of the restrictive nature of the rules of evidence. Although America adopted the English system of evidentially rules, many changes have been made since t hat time.Although the adoption of the Federal Rules of show up and the uniform Rules of Evidence has not embraced the simplicity that the drafters of the constitution may eave envisioned, they do bring about more uniformity and consistency to the legal system. The Federal Rules of evidence regulate evidentially matters in all proceedings In the federal courts and they bring about a significant measure of uniformity In the federal system. unfortunately there Is far less uniformity among the states. Only thirty-six jurisdictions have adopted evidence codes that regulate the Federal Rules of Evidence. Out of the fifty states only forty-two have adopted these rules completely or in part. Of the remaining eight states, my home state of tabun is in this line up. About a week ago I had the opportunity to learn of this first hand.My attorney and I were preparing a construe tend to give to the District Attorney in a criminal case we have. He asked me to research the jurisprudence cit ed on the States feel list and tell him what it says about using a defendant as a witness. To my surprise this is what I learned. Pursuant to O. C. G. A. 17-16-1 (2010) the deflation of a witness bidding In a criminal proceeding Is as follows (2) Statement of a witness meansA) A scripted or recorded dictation, or copies thereof, made by the witness that is signed or otherwise adopted or approved by the witness (B) A substantially verbatim recital of an oral statement made by the witness that is recorded contemporaneously with the making of the oral statement and is contained in a stenographic, mechanical, electrical, or other arrangement or a transcription thereof or (C) A summary of the substance of a statement made by a witness contained In a memorandum, report, or other type of written document but does not Include notes r summaries made by counsel.Paragraph three of this statute is the statement that demonstrates Georgia is not homogeneous with the Federal Rules of Evidence and it also excluded our defendant as a witness in her own defense. I find to be ironic that the Constitution is the supreme impartiality of the agriculture yet individual states are allowed to have laws that are contrary. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in by-line thereof and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land and the Judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. With the understanding that states can nullify federal laws that they determine to be unconstitutional, as was the case in Oklahoma regarding the Affordable Care Act it is quite perplexing that Georgia along with seven other states find it unconstitutional to deny a defendant the right to testify in their own defense.

Target Case Study

Case Study physical object Adriana Gonzalez Principles of market Statement of the Problem(s) In this particular case, thither is wholeness major dilemma and only other problems seemed to have risen from this one. For the quondam(prenominal) few years there has been a recession globally. In the year 2008, the recession was at its peak and all industries suffer tremendously. For many a nonher(prenominal) years point grew at a much faster pace than Wal-Mart, tho the economy do a radical turn affecting everyone. Target rapidly started to experience low sales as the time pass.As a result, the most beta shareholder, William Ackman, demanded a rapid and sound strategy to bring Targets sales up once again (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012). Summary of the Facts * Target is known for its products in personal manner and fashion. * Numerous designer product lines. * Customers view Target as a retail store with higher(prenominal) prices * Targets customers went for the decline prices at its contenders retail store * Wal-Mart changed is delegating statement to Save money. sound better. it mimics Targets mission statement (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012). While Targets public figure of higher lineament products remained, Wal-Mart use rollbacks to attract customers. * Target started to greet customers with value messages and big signs promoting sale products (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012). Targets mission statement has been, Expect More. Pay less(prenominal). After the recession the company focused on the Pay Less part of their slogan. At the middle of the year 2008, Target had experienced three quarters of same-store sales fruit (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012). Customers did not respond as rapidly as the company hoped.They seemed to be more interested in low prices than quality. Wal-Mart took over Targets customers during the recession. Analysis The CEO, Gregg Steinhafel, came up with a strategy to service of process the business. employ the same mission statement, they focus ed on the Pay Less part of it. On the other hand, Wal-Marts new mission statement seemed to fit perfectly with customers during this difficult economy crisis. Targets competitor closed its quarterly sale-store sales with an increase of five portion during 2008, while Target had no increases (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012).After months of gad the new strategy the company finally got results. New advertising help the company move forward-moving in the industry. Target launched a new brand named up & up, which was a thirty percent lower than comparable brand names. The company also decided to introduce fresh foods that were not as high-priced as its competitors. Targets stock went up twenty-seven percent since 2010, when they introduced fresh foods (Young, 2012). Now customers could to all their fundping at Target without hesitating to make another stop at the grocery store.For the past five years Target and Wal-Mart have been the strongest competitors in the retail industry. Target suf fered the first couple of years, but has climbed up to its competitors level. The company was in critical condition when the most important shareholder, William Ackman, demanded effective results. Ackman stated, It should be a business that does well, even in tough economic times (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012). After Ackmans statement the CEO, Steinhafel, sharpened its strategy by advertising new television commercials with catchy music.Promoting new ads and adding a Target brand helped Target to raise its sales to five percent with profits of fifty-four percent increase (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012). Meanwhile, Wal-Mart focused on low price strategy to save people money. Target on the other hand commits to a higher marketing expenditure and considers its customers guests (Wal-Mart and Target, 2011). After all, many customers continue to shop at Target because of its higher quality products. Recommendations Target is not the only business that was harmed due to the recession. On the contra ry, it was one of the businesses that survived those tough years. on that point were losses in the company, not just financially, it also lost many customers. There were obviously changes that pick outed to be made quickly and intelligently. The CEO, Steinhafel, made a wise decision when it came to stress differently the current slogan. Customers might have had a different perspective of the store and its products. They may not recognize Target as a high quality and fashionable retail store, but as a retail store that lost its faith in its mission statement. Expect More, is the most important part of the mission statement because customers expect more when they shop at Target.Targets customers still had that image of better quality but now at lower prices. When it comes to promotion and advertising, the company could have through more on this portion. As the company started to advertise more television commercials and weekly newspaper circulars, the customers shortly responded to them. Customers liked the idea of ads showing ordinary people consuming Targets products (Armstrong & Kotler, 2012). After eighteen long months of pushing forward the strategy Target finally got results. Customers would have responded positively if these promotions were at their get hold of months earlier.The companys number one priority needs to be our customers demands, wants, and needs. Targets strategies need to focus around our customers in order to maintain sales and profits. The shortages of concentration on promotion snuff it to a longer crisis for Target. By researching our customers wants and needs the company can accomplish greater profits. The company cannot organize aside the importance of marketing process and marketing mix. Managers have to motivate everyone in the organization to help built customer relationships. Targets success lies on strong customer-focused and heavily committed to marketing.References Armstrong, G. , & Kotler, P. (2012). Principles of Market ing (pp. 94-95). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Prentice Hall. Wal-Mart and Target Strategic Differences. (2011). Retrieved February 19, 2013, from http//www. ftsmodules. com/public/texts/valuationtutor/VTehn3/tonic8/tonic8htm. Young, A. (2012 August, 23). Target Vs. Wal-Mart Target Wins on Pricing, Barely, And Probably Not for Long. Retrieved February 19, 2013, from http//ibtimes. com/target_vs_wal-mart_target_wins_prining_barely_and_probably_not_long_htm.

Corning Glass Work Case Study Essay

1. Enumerate the conditions why Corning had to undergo the series of geomorphologic changes.Following the outside(a) growth and expansion of Corning, the come uping problems were creation faced in the organizations structure and perplexity processesi) With the international expansion of CGW, the company was becoming too big and complex to be managed by its ongoing structure. Hence a hire was felt to create the international arm as a signalize legal entity and hence Corning International Corporation (CIC) was born.ii) CIC was created as a subordinate word to CGW to underline the growing importance of Cornings overseas business. The management felt that the creation of CIC as a separate unit was important to upgrade the role of international managers and help them feel more accepted indoors Corning.iii) Before the international strategy shift of the mid 1960s, CGW did not meddle much into the affairs of its unknown affiliates. The immaterial affiliates maintained their own individual reporting and control systems. However, following the strategic shift to fetch majority in these distant subsidiaries, the management system and processes began changing, such as integration of subsidiaries accounting systems into the advert company. This caused problems as most of the subsidiaries were European non-English speaking countries and didnt follow American standards. Hence a expect was felt to integrate these abroad subsidiaries with the parent company so as to maintain uniform standards and processes.iv) The learnedness of majority shareh honest-to-goodnessings in foreign subsidiaries also press management to begin to coordinate and integrate its foreign operations. The task of unifying, organize and integrating the European operations specially was a difficult one. There was a farseeing list of independent companies that needed to be brought under control and a lot of these companies were old rivals. Hence overlook of coordination and cooperation ex isted at every level.Furthermore, each of the European companies had export customers and offices in several other(a) European countries. This caused lot of chaos and confusion when it came to take uping order into CGWs European operations. Also, the European expanse affiliates were well established and extremely fellowship equal to(p) about their local anaesthetic environment. It was difficult for the newly appointed bowl managers who did not have the same level of market and yield expertise to challenge these country affiliates and influence them in favour of consolidation of manufacturing operations.v) The structure within CIC was organized on geographical dimensions. The top management had a tendency to take major decisions based on their local interests and hence promoted their local projects. As a result, conflicts started arising between geographical entities. Such conflicts could and be resolved at the desk of Forrest Behm, President of CIC, who was the only one wit h sufficient power and connections at the corporate level to communicate plans to and from top leaders of CGW. As the international operations expand, Behm turned out to be the only one in a coiffure to take a global perspective of the various international businesses and this in turn increasingly heavy-laden him with more conflict-resolution issues. He felt that a structural change within the organization was indispensable to bring in a global perspective amongst its batch.vi) Another challenge that Corning was facing was the transfer of technological knowledge from parent company to its foreign operations. Before major international expansion, this transfer was maintained with knowledgeable channels between technical experts in the parents company and the foreign plants. As the foreign operations expanded and technological innovations grew in size, the old model of knowledge sharing turned out to be wanting(p) to handle the growing demands. Hence foreign subsidiaries had to rely on the formal channels within the international organizational. This led to escalating frustrations on both the sides.vii) Furthermore, the capital allocation process also changed following the majority shareholding in foreign subsidiaries. Before the consolidation, the decision process for capital allocation was done primarily by the local managers of the foreign affiliate, who would then go out and raise the capital on their own.However, after these subsidiaries were acquired by Corning, they were required to submit a formal capital appropriation request prepared in English. The subsidiary prevalent manager then had to chase it to the end through a series of corporate decision making filters. This allocation system had other major implications on the relationship between the technical personnel on each side. Whereas before, the technical managers from the parent company provided assistance to subsidiaries on projects, the former now became a tell apart of the judge and jur y system to decide on the capital allocation to these subsidiaries. As a result, the technical managers tended to become more conservative with their advice and assistance to the subsidiaries.viii) Due to the incoherency of its area based organization structure, CIC ready itself grappling with the global marketing coordination necessary for nearly businesses. There was no one who was responsible for coordinating between different foreign subsidiaries on global actions like price, product, sourcing etc. The needs of global product development were not being communicated to the R&D group. This meant that the international product development needs were being largely ignored.In order to address the above mentioned problems, Forrest Behm, decided to restructure the organization by appointing triple international business managers. The primary motive behind the appointment of these business managers was to supplement the organization with a global business perspective.2. Identify the problems with the organization structure (until 1972 business manager concept) that led to the formation of knowledge domain Boards.i) Corning International Corporation (CIC) since its inception was not truly integrated with its parent organization Corning Glass whole kit and caboodle (CGW). The creation of CIC as a separate company was insufficient from the onset. The relationship between senior managers in the parent company CGW and in CIC remained unchanged. The vice-presidents in CIC never really achieved the status and importance of vice presidents in CGW. As a result when the three international business managers were appointed by Behm with the status equivalent to Vice-Presidents, they faced difficulty liaising with vice-presidents and other senior managers in the domestic organization (CGW). They were simply viewed as absent power, status and credibility to get things done.ii) There was some hostility prevalent between the domestic and foreign arm of the organization. Th e domestic division managers felt that if they had to provide the foreign operations with so much support, they superpower as well run the foreign operations themselves. This contributed towards making the job of international business managers in acting as a liaison even more difficult.iii) The role of the International Business Managers was not clearly defined since its inception. They were given very vague general mandates like to straighten things out in consumer products in International or to put together a field strategy for products in cognition and Medical. As a result nobody understood what they were really there for and hence people could not establish a connection or relation with them. This contributed to some area managers feeling that they were wasting away their time and energy in entertaining these international business managers and meeting their demands of time and information.iv) There was lack of communication between Behm and foreign subsidiary country mana gers who felt that they were not informed of such a role being introduced in the organization hierarchy. As a result, employees in the foreign subsidiaries had no limpidity who they were supposed to report to after the organizational changes. This contributed to a creation of general sense of defensiveness in the subsidiary employees from the outset. So the business managers were largely viewed by foreign subsidiaries as more of an interference and less of a coordination help.v) The three business managers did not have the right skills to act as liaisons. Their inability to establish healthful links between the foreign subsidiaries and the domestic products divisions was partly due to the attitude with which some of them had taken up these roles. For example, the international business manager for the Consumer Products Division came across as interfering and authoritative. This was not helpful in yielding the desired results.3. Examine whether their current structure (world get al ong withs) is appropriate to the business environment. Provide suggestions to Behm on the proposed reorganization.The current structure of world board is strong and is capable of bringing in order to the organization provided some changes are made to it. The world boards were not created to control or manage the foreign subsidiaries but sooner to act as a channel to facilitate coordination, communication and cooperation between the parent company and its foreign subsidiaries. The members of the world boards must keep this vision in mind during their meetings and interactions.We propose the following changes to the world board in order to make them more effectivei) Behm should first start with putting a edge on the maximum number of people on the world boards to 6-7. This will neutralize the problem of world boards becoming too big and chaotic to manage. The world boards should include at max 2-3 people from US product division, 2-3 people from subsidiary units and 1 international business manager.ii) The Optical Products World Board was able to achieve results by successfully resolving their conflicts before the board meetings. All other world boards should follow their model and try to adapt it to as much extent as possible.iii) The domestic division managers need to understand that the company as a whole can only be unified through corporate culture, shared vision and values, and management style rather than through formal structures and systems. Hence they should avoid trying to control the subsidiaries business the way they have been doing so far.The domestic division managers should be encouraged to develop a networking and inter-dependent relationship with the subsidiaries. Internal attitude change within Cornings domestic managers is scathing to encourage coordination, participation and involvement of the subsidiaries. While being a part of Corning, the subsidiaries need some liberty for themselves to develop an ability to make impactful contributio ns to the organization as a whole.iv) Behm should ensure that the world boards meet regularly and achieve fruitful results. If left to themselves, things may go back to how they were. Hence a more like a shot involvement on part of Behm is required (at least in the boards that still have major distinction of opinions) to facilitate communication and resolve difference of opinions.v) Corning should slowly and gradually adopt the transnational model to promote worldwide integration and knowledge sharing to exploit both global and local advantages. The top leadership needs to see the organization as a network and should refrain from shaping it as a centralized hub. Interdependence between units should be promoted amongst product, functional and geographic units.vi) Cross-subsidiary teams should be developed in the long run to compel different subsidiaries to work together for their own good as well as the overall good of the organization.

Popular Culture Media and Society: Culture Jamming Essay

IntroductionCulture pile is a strategy often utilized by the anti-globalization movement in the creation and reappropriation of memes, or unforgettable and persistent ideas. Traditional assimilation fix strategies find included a vicissitude of actions, ranging from billboard liberation, wherein artists recoup billboards as public space, to media activism, wherein activists attempt to garner newborns coverage through some grad of operate action in value to have their message heard.Additional tactics such as burlesque advertisements ge bed to mock a particular brand or sedulousness and branding removal, wherein activists remove all(prenominal) marks of branding from products, have also been deployed. Culture imperativenessmers attempt to expose the norms of western industrial differentiateliness and call them into question tho often their attempts argon non public enough to r severally a large reference and encourage a large scale inquisitive of the status quo. The destructions of the kitchen-gardening crush community atomic number 18 to interject new norms into societies that effectively turn mainstay the meanings of current kindly norms. despite the best intentions of those holding indoors the movement, traditional cultivation crowd r arely requires it into customary farming and is frankincense often thwarted in the attempt to successfully challenge the norms perpetuated by globalization.The purpose of this study is to judge the ways in which refinement jamming that permeates the media and crosses the line from sub stopping point to pop farming washbowl challenge hegemonic structures of business leader plot of ground simultaneously reinforcing those challenges by increasing their popularity. Through the study of popular nuance artifacts from a variety of genres I hope to determine whether or not popular culture whitethorn serve as an effective strategic forum for the introduction of culture jamming artifacts, as opp osed to the traditional and much(prenominal) subversive tactics being deployed by culture jammers.Towards an discernment of Culture JammingCulture jamming and studies of culture jamming have typically focused on the ability of an activist group or individual to effectively redeploy the signs and symbols of a controlling system in a manner that disrupts their meaning and critiques the overall system from which the symbols originate. In his recently republished 1993 pamphlet on culture jamming, Mark Dery (2001) states that culture jammers introduce noise into the signal as it passes from transmitter to receiver, encouraging idiosyncratic, unintended interpretations. Intruding on the intruders, they invest ads, newscasts, and new(prenominal) media artifacts with subversive meanings simultaneously, they decrypt them, rendering their seductions impotent (para. 36).From Derys perspective culture jamming kitty be seen as actions or artifacts that are politically or subversively charg ed. Jamming sess range from humbug to media gags, but always aims to make a statement against a particular target of power or popularity in spite of appearance a culture.Similarly, semiotic theorist Umberto Eco (1984) advocates that 1 form of media tooshie be utilized to afford comment pointed at another(prenominal)(prenominal) type of medium in order to restore a critical property to passive reception (p. 138). Eco refers to acts and artifacts that have this potential to be part of semiotic guerilla warfare. The signs and symbols of a culture are open to interpretation. epoch within a culture there may be a common meaning for these signs and symbols within a culture that meaning is not set in stone. A sign or a symbol may be used to contradict its make popular meaning. Thus we can see how semiotics blowouts an important role in developing tools for the toolbox of the culture jammer. The lack of fixed meaning in the signs we see on a daily basis renounce culture jammers t o turn back symbols as semiotic weapons against their creators.Kalle Lasn (2000) defines culture jamming as the demarketing of marketing. As the hold of Adbusters magazine, Lasn has pushed for the reclaiming and redeployment of particular brand names, icons, and advertising campaigns through a process known to culture jammers as subvertising. Lasn explains in his book, Culture Jam that culture jammers utilize Debords notion of detournement, or turning back specific aspects of a spectacle against itself. In the case of culture jamming, brands and their advertising are turned back upon themselves to produce questions and inconsistencies astir(predicate) a particular advertisers ideals as seen through its campaigns.Lasn (2000) also claims that successful culture jamming can function as a pincer movement utilizing both high visibility media campaigns that challenge industry in combination with grass roots campaigns for local action. The challenge to an industry or target combined wit h encouragement of behavioral change has the potential to change the perception of the target on a broad scale while also reducing support for the target.A well-organized pincer willing get millions of hoi polloi thinking about their livesabout eating better, driving less, jumping off the make treadmill, downshifting. Eventually the national mood will evolve (pg136).Lasns pincer attack attempts to make that which is shortly chic or popular in a society unpopular on a abundant scale. As fewer people within the society buy into the imagery of a particular industry or brand the industry loses financial support and must either change its practices or baptismal font rejection by the community at large.Lasn has spear headed grass roots campaigns such as Buy cryptograph Day an annual campaign urging consumers to avoid buying anything on the last Friday of November (a date normally known among retailers as Black Friday as it often marks record profits for retailers as a result of holi day shopping). Lasn combines this grassroots campaign with thirty-second television ad spots on CNN each year as well as more locally oriented promotion such as fliers that activists can print off the Internet and disseminate at will.Christine Harold (2004) claims that the culture jammer seeks to undermine the marketing magniloquence of multinational corporations, specifically through such practices as media hoaxing, corporate sabotage, billboard liberation, and trademark infringement (p. 190). These strategies are used by jammers in an effort to glut the system by supplying audiences with contradictory messages. Their goal is to generate a qualitative change in the minds of the audience about the subject matter targeted.Harold (2004) critiques traditional culture jamming as a grandiloquenceal strategy because it often relies upon revelation of hidden virtues and rejection of the systems it attempts to play upon. In her analysis, Harold specifically indicts Lasns publications and others who deploy parody or direct negation of corporate logos in their attempts to cause questioning of norms. Reliance on parody as a mechanism for revealing truth requires audiences to deconstruct the common meaning of a sign with little to work with but the sign itself. Additionally, parody causes a commitment to rhetorical binaries that articulate rejection of the targeted idea with little room for the idea to be reframed. rife powers within a criticized system can easily utilize these tactics for their own means. The reliance on a recognized symbol helps to maintain its cultural prominence. The rhetorical binary used by culture jammers allows the targeted entity to easily deflect criticism and quash the questioning of norms. small-arm Adbusters and activists of similar ideology may station forth a message of rebellion and rejection corporate targets can use these concepts of rebellion and rejection to sell their products. recent advertisements for Sprite illustrate this co ncept well as they focus on rejecting celebrity culture and cover ones own character by purchasing the product.Harold (2004) advocates a more appropriative orgasm to culture jamming seeks to be appropriated by commercial media in order to redirect the focus of dominant media systems. Much of Harolds argument focuses on the value of media activism via prank, pointing to groups such as the Barbie Liberation Organization (BLO) and biotic Baking Brigade (BBB) as groups that have successfully received positive media coverage through their pranks.Clearly, we can see that culture jamming may be an effective strategy for putting dominant hierarchies, organizations, and systems into question. However, Reinsborough and Harold (2004) both raise interesting points in terms of the effectiveness of the strategy, with Harold illustrating the problems of strategies that are not appropriative and Reinsborough recognizing that subversive media strategies (such as those Harold advocates) are often l imited in scope.When considering Reinsboroughs (2003) usage of the word meme the concept that he is referring to is not necessarily identical to that articulated by memetic theorists. Susan Blackmore (1999) has broadly defined memes as e rattlingthing that you have learned by mimicry (pg6).The definition of imitation from a memetic perspective should not be confused with copycat acts. Instead, imitation should be seen as memes passing from one mind to another. In his article on culture jammers and the being Wide Web, Stephen Downes (1999) defines the meme as a contagious idea that disperses from one mind to another (para. 2). He articulates that memes are a way to represent the ideas contained within advertising and explains that in order for ideas to take hold in ones mind they must appeal to the audience in a way that helps them to be remembered.Similarly, Kalle Lasn (2000) speaks of infotoxins, or infoviruses, that permeate dominant media forums. Lasn claims that disinformatio n is propagated through media and public relations spin resulting in the establishment of ill-advised beliefs about the world. In one example, Lasn refers to the medias portrayal of anti-automobile activists as limiters of personal freedom as a contributing factor in the failure of activists to popularize their message. The movement becomes unable to stimulate a expectation shift towards a culture that is less dependent upon petroleum products. As the activists are seen as anti-freedom harms they are attempting to solve such as global warming are not taken seriously.Additionally, he argues that while the effects of global warming can be seen on both local and global scales, disinformation that has been spread through dominant media forums has led to a sense of complacency about the issue in the minds of Americans. Lasn believes these infoviruses are untruthful memes that must be challenged through the production of counteractive memes that outperform those that movements wish to q uestion. We build our own meme factory, put out a better product and beat the corporations at their own game. We identify the macromemes and the metamemesthe vegetable marrow ideas without which a sustainable future is unthinkableand deploy them (pg124).Both Reinsborough (2003) and Lasn (2000) seem to be identifying that memes are memorable and popular concepts that have the ability to be spread in order to transform cultural norms. Blackmore (1999) and Downes (1999) distinctly illustrate that memes are made up of ideas that are picked up from popular culture and imitated. The process of culture jamming can be seen as one generating memes that hold a meaning that challenges existing norms. To top to the analogy of the gene, culture jamming can be seen as a form of memetic engineering with a goal of producing a dominant and meaningful meme that causes new traits, or meanings, to become exemplified within a culture.Understanding the Transformative Potential of commonplace CultureC ommunication and mass media scholars have examined the extent to which popular culture may contribute to the formation of cultural norms and social structure. Guy Debord (1977) implicates popular culture in large subdivision of what he labels the society of the spectacle. Debords (1977) view of the world in the era of global capitalism is one in which popular culture serves to provide images or representations of the world that do not represent its historic state, but instead inspire audiences to digest the world around them as commodities as a heir for the real.Artifacts such as films are not representative of art, but are tools to inspire audiences to strive towards the achievement of consumer goods and respect the hierarchal structure. Debord (1977) points out that the society of the spectacle is replete with images and representations that drive audiences to become consumers. This consumption leads audiences to respect the morphologic hierarchies that repress them. In essenc e, the complacency most audiences have towards the consumption of images and subsequently the world around them drives this structuralism.While Debord (1977) implicates popular culture and the spectacle as paramount in the construction of a social order of consumption, he does offer some hope for those striving to work against the consumptive nature of capitalist hierarchies in the form of detournement By creating contradictions, negations, or parodies of a given work, corrections can be made to the meaning of the work in order to create a meaning that is more representative of the true states of societies.Marshall McLuhan (1964) argued in his groundbreaking work, Understanding Media, that popular culture experienced a drastic shift with the advent of technologies such as film, piano tuner and television. Whereas popular culture had been print dominated in years previous, the shift to new types of media changed the way media was created and the effect was dramatic. McLuhan argues t hat the introduction of printed schoolbookual matters into cultures undermined the tribal aspect of communities and collective ideas that had once dominated small communities.Cultures became more individualistic and increased the power of logic and rationale of the written word as opposed to common among group members. The advent of new media brought about a more collective consciousness as individuals were haggard to its aesthetics. New tribal communities formed that were rooted in both local and global norms. Audience word picture to new and different sights and sounds increased the divided understanding across cultures. McLuhan also illustrates that the spread of media united people as a result of the medias importance by comparing media to staples of a societys economy.Television, for example, can be used to construct the cultural norms of a society. Those people who are active audience members of a particular television show or genre are likely to have shared beliefs, for ming a tribal community of their own. McLuhan argued that the community building potential of television and the syndication of programming created the potential for these cultures to spread globally.While McLuhans work was performed in the 1960s the subsequent popularity of the Internet seems to confirm at the very least that communities of people who make up television audiences extend worldwide as fan sites, bulletin boards, and blogs dedicated to television programs cross multiple borders and cultures. Television, much of McLuhans media, is a part of popular culture. enquiry has also been conducted suggesting that popular culture has the ability to reaffirm existing cultural norms or as a tool in transforming current norms.Lee Artz (2004) has examined the cultural norms that are present in the bulk of the spirit produced by the Walt Disney Co. Artz argues that the autocratic production process embraced by Disney executives results in four dominant themes present in nearly every animated film the company has released. These themes include the naturalization of hierarchy, the defense of elite coercion and power, promotion of hyper-individualism and the denigration of democratic solidarity (p. 126). The prevalence of these themes can be identified through study of the narratives contained within Disney films as well as through the stylistic chemical elements of the aliveness itself.The ease with which animated film can be translated and transported into the languages and cultures of peoples worldwide offers a large audience to Disney in marketing its films and film-related products. The portability of Disney products from one culture to another is a problematic notion for Artz (2004), as he explains the social stratification present and reaffirmed in the films produced is largely representative of the global capital system that allows Disney to thrive as a media giant.Artz suggests that effective resistance against these thematic representations cannot be implemented by rogue Disney artists injecting subversive messages into films. Instead, cooperative creations and narratives and the appropriation and subsequent use of animation technology by artists, writers, and producers committed to the promotion of democracy would be more effective.This conclusion appears to be impirically proven. While not discussed in Artzs work, subversive strategies have been employed by disgruntled artists involved in the production of Disney films (such as the post-production inclusion of an image of a topless woman in the background art of The Rescuers). However these acts did not generate substantial negative publicity for the company.Peter Simonson (2001) has examined the successes the animal-rights group People for the estimable Treatment of Animals (PETA) have experienced as a result of using communication strategies rooted in popular culture. PETA seeks to change predominant cultural norms in the area of animal welfare.Their traditional communica tive strategies have relied on the generating news controversy and gaining news coverage. Simonson proposes that social movements and organizations seeking to change popular morals or norms rely upon social noisea multifaceted concept that can be defined as messages that are compelling or loud enough to be heard amidst the signals of mass-media. Noise disrupts commonly held social meanings and is often discordant or disagreeable to a subset of the audience.Scholars have also focused on what makes a particular artifact or action popular. John Fiske (1989) studied culture as popular culture in terms of texts. By making textual analysis of artifacts in popular culture, Fiske began to make claims about the structure of popular messages. Fiske introduced the concept of the producerly text as a primary characteristic of popular culture. The producerly text is conceptually anchored in the distinctions made by Barthes (1977) among the writerly and readerly texts.Barthes contends that reade rly texts are those that we are able to read passively. Interactions between the audience and these texts are receptive there is no need to question or interpret the text in a different way than it is written. Writerly texts can be seen as those texts that require the reader to eer evaluate and rewrite the meaning of the text, and writerly texts usually require some specialized knowledge or a toolset to decode (Fiske 1989).Many scholars and activists concur that there is a risk when entering into pop culture that the rhetoric used by those critiquing dominant ideologies and structures may be co-opted. The potential exists for the message to be appropriated by those in power for their own means the message becomes incorporated by those in power in order to embolden their own claims or profits. The same process that allows activists to change the meaning of texts is available to everyone.Popular culture has the potential to create and transform both societal structure and norms. Addi tionally, communities of common exposure and belief can be developed using popular culture as a medium. There may be a risk of that subversive ideas can be incorporated by dominant systems of power, but this internalization does not necessarily limit the transformative potential popular culture holds. When considering the culture jammers intent of questioning and changing norms popular culture becomes an interesting point of cultural injection.ConclusionIn essence, the popular culture jam seeks to be appropriated into pop culture- it becomes pop culture and helps to redefine that which is popular. The result is a sort of subpropriation, where in the author seeks to have his or her work popularized in order to simultaneously popularize a antecedently subversive concept or idea. However, this appeal to the popular does not necessarily stop culture jamming from occurring. Entry into popular culture does not dictate that the message will be recuperated by industry. Rather, popular cultu re jamming takes place at a different point than other types of culture jamming. The jam in popular culture jamming occurs at the point that the artifact, action, or behavior becomes popular.The most explicit effect of moving towards a jamming of popular culture is the increased access to larger audiences. Popular culture does not request to be covered in the same way that news-oriented communication or advertisements often do. Instead, popular culture places demands upon media outlets to not only be covered but also be distributed to the masses. This sense of demand results because the popular is attractive to the media as a potential form of profit.Again, we see Fiskes (1989) theories on production and incorporation at work. A popular culture jam spreads as a result of its popularity. Often this popularity is created by the irresistible profits that may be yielded from an artifacts incorporation into the popular. In essence, one aspect of the structures that propagate and allow for globalization (and the subsequent problems that those in anti-globalization movements perceive to be resultant from it) to persist and thrive are turned back to criticize either itself or another portion of the hierarchal structure.Popular culture, despite the criticisms it often faces for lack of sophistication or intelligence, is an important element of our lives. Popular culture may also serve as a tool for those struggling against globalization, uncontrolled consumerism, and capitalist exploitation. Each time we turn on a television or listen to the radio or log on to the Internet we are exposing ourselves to popular culture. Popular culture should not be perceived as an intellectual wasteland. While much of that which makes up popular culture may be perceived as being detrimental to society by any number of people, activists and media scholars cannot ignore or reject it.Popular culture needs to be embraced and transformed through the use of producerly texts in order to imp rove and transform the genre into another persuasive conduit for activists. Popular culture is not going away. In the age of new media popular culture is becoming even more pervasive in our lives as media formats are combined. If embraced as a rhetorical forum by culture jammers, popular culture can be transformed into a more revelatory and revolutionary space for communicating ideals that activists wish to make popular.ReferencesArtz, L., (2004), The Righteousness of Self-centered Royals The World According to Disney Animation, scathing Arts Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, 116-146.Blackmore, S., (1999). 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